African Development And Income Inequalities - 3098 Words

Africa is a continent rich in culture, resources, and potential. But when compared to the rest of the world, Africa stands as the poorest continent despite having some of the world’s richest natural resources. Africa has some of the poorest life expectancy, highest HIV/AIDS rates, malnutrition and infant mortality rates in the world (African Development Bank Group, Income Inequality in Africa, 2012, p. 2). It leaves one to question the reason for such disparity within the continent. The following will provide an in-depth analysis into one of the many reasons for such inequalities and poverty. I will argue that tribalism imbedded in African culture has had a significant role in the lack of economic development and income inequalities.†¦show more content†¦Without taking to account the loyalty people have for their various tribes and ethnic groups, attempts to combine tribes failed and further heightening tribal tensions and conflicts (Ethnicity and Tribalism in Africa : The Truth, 2014). Instead of working towards transitioning from the unfavorable hierarchy it so long endured, the African â€Å"bourgeoisie† inherited the practices of exploitation from its European colonizers (Tribalism, Colonialism and Capitalism, 2014). Like the Europeans, Africans wanted to make economic gains in the expense of the working people. Therefore, today we see African politics made up of unequal advantages stemming from tribalism and ethnic discrimination (Tribalism, Colonialism and Capitalism, 2014). Tribalism, which is the â€Å"behavior and attitudes that stem from strong loyalty to one s own tribe or social group†, is believed to be the reason for inequality and tension between people within a country and between countries (Clay, Nation, Tribe and Ethnic Group in Africa, 1985). It is argued that if African states are to make any substantial economic and social development, tribalism must first be destroyed (Clay, Nation, Tribe and Ethnic Group in Africa, 1985). The reasoning for this notion being that it, tribalism is threatening to the authority and distribution of resources. As mentioned in the previous sections, Africa has some of the richest natural resources in the world,

The Feminist Movement By Kate Chopin And Boys And Girls By...

For millennia, women have been perceived as lesser beings compared to men. Many women tend to fall into a sense of entrapment brought on by the superiority complex of men. The feminist movement, which began in the late nineteenth century, works to disprove this false perception. The movement describes a fight for political, cultural, and economic rights equal to that of men. Two short stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and â€Å"Boys and Girls† by Alice Munro, relate experiences from female perspectives, highlighting oppression against women. The authors use different techniques to show the protagonists’ similar struggle for liberation in their male-dominated environments. While Alice Munro uses the voice of a young girl to†¦show more content†¦Through this voice, the author captures the readers’ sympathies and furthers their understanding of injustice against women. Kate Chopin expresses an opinion similar to Alice Munro’ s in her piece, â€Å"The Story of an Hour.† Using the metaphor of a heart disease, Chopin illustrates how marriage can serve to subjugate women. She shows the underlying control men have over women with this symbol. In Chopin’s story, the protagonist, Mrs. Mallard, has just discovered the news of her husband’s death. Chopin states, â€Å"Knowing that Mrs. Mallard was afflicted with a heart trouble, great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death† (para. 1). Mrs. Mallard’s sister, Josephine, and her husband’s friend, Richard, are the ones who inform her, and they are cautious of her condition. Mrs. Mallard soon realizes the significance of the death of her husband when Chopin writes,â€Å"There would be no more powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature† (para. 10). While Chopin keeps her accusation gender neutral, she makes it apparent that Mrs. Mallard’s husband imposes private will upon her. This is evidence of female oppression. After processing the news of his death, Mrs. Mallard expresses a surge of liberation as â€Å"her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood

Differences in Gillettes Old and New Advertisments Essays

In the novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley portrays a futuristic world to the readers, enabling them to compare the present society to the future culture. Similarly, by analyzing the ads of 1950s and the 21st Century, we can compare the societies of the past and the present. The Gillette Company was founded approximately a hundred years ago. The company has been making ads through out the last century to popularize their products. By exploring these Gillette ads, we can gather facts about the market system and consumer demands during the time periods where the ads emerged. The Gillette ads from the 1950s to 2004 portray the declining competitiveness and consumer growth of the expanding Gillette razor industry. After the World War†¦show more content†¦Although few other competitive companies exist, through the years Gillette has become so famous and rigid that it is a household name now. Given this lack of competition, Gillette has the freewill to do almost anything. Their ads now give more attention to the product system rather than focusing on the market. The Gillette Mach3, a modern ad is very simple, and pictures the Gillette blade and mentions its features (Mach 3 Shaving System). Although the ad is very simple in nature, Mach3 is the most sold Gillette product. Thus, owing to low competition and the comfort and uniqueness of the Gillette products, the demand is very high, regardless of the plain features of the ads. Though the demands are high due to lower competition, the Gillette product pricing remains a controversy. The 1950s ads focused a lot on the cheapness of the blades and their ability to meet the expense of everyman (Display Ad 71). J. P. Spang, Jr., the President of the Gillette Company in the 1950s had said that they had focused on producing products that are available in quantity and quality, keeping in mind to sell it to the consumer at the lowest price consistent with a fair profit (Spang 25). Meanwhile, modern ads do not emphasize on the prices, as they know their products are expensive. Due to their ongoing high demands, the company probably assumes that in the modern era, the consumers do not get swayed away by higher prices as long as the product is being upgraded. ThisShow MoreRelatedStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesProfessor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University and Colin Gilligan Professor of Marketing Sheffield Hallam University and Visiting Professor, Northumbria University AMSTERDAM †¢ BOSTON †¢ HEIDELBERG †¢ LONDON †¢ NEW YORK †¢ OXFORD PARIS †¢ SAN DIEGO †¢ SAN FRANCISCO †¢ SINGAPORE †¢ SYDNEY †¢ TOKYO Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 1992 Second edition 1997 Reprinted 1998

Essay about Who Killed Reconstruction - 1873 Words

North or South: Who Killed Reconstruction? Harper’s Weekly September 1, 1868 Harper’s Weekly September 1, 1868 â€Å"Is This a Republican Form of Government? Is This Protecting Life, Liberty, or Property?† â€Å"Is This a Republican Form of Government? Is This Protecting Life, Liberty, or Property?† Overview: The twelve years after the Civil War proved to be a difficult time for America. Called Reconstruction by historians, this era saw an increase of freedom for former slaves. However, there was also great resistance to change. In 1877 attempts to reconstruct the South officially ended, leaving white-only governments in power. This DBQ asks you to decide who, North or South, was most responsible for the end of Reconstruction†¦show more content†¦These laws were often called â€Å"Black Codes.† The example below of â€Å"Black Codes† comes from laws passed in Opelousas, Louisiana immediately after the Civil War. ------------------------------------------------- 1. No negro or freedmen shall be allowed to come within the limits of the town of Opelousas without special permission from his employers. Whoever breaks this law will go to jail and work for two days on the public streets, or pay a fine of five dollars.† ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 2. â€Å"No negro or freedman shall be permitted to rent or keep a house in town under any circumstances. No negro or freedman shall live within the town who does not work for some white person or former owner.† ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 3. â€Å"No public meetings of negroes or freedmen shall be allowed within the town.† ------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------- 4. â€Å"No freedman shall be allowed to carry firearms, or any kind of weapons. No freedman shall sell or exchange any article of merchandise within the limits of Opelousas without permission in writing from his employer.†Show MoreRelatedChallenges Faced By African Americans990 Words   |  4 PagesJulian, who is African American, killed a white judge. The mob promised to find him and burn him alive, but when they could not find him they decided to go after Roselius Julian’s relatives.5 â€Å"The mother, three brothers and two sisters of the Negro were arrested†¦at the Black Ridge in the rear of the city by the police.†5 The three brothers were the ones that were hanged for their brother’s crime.5 There was also an innocent young African American man who was not related to Julian, and who might notRead MoreCivil War Reconstruction: Success or Failure? Essay1262 Words   |  6 PagesAP US History 06 January 2006 Reconstruction: Failure The Civil war was possibly the greatest tragedy that this country had ever faced. Years of constant arguing, compromises and cynical ideas about slavery pushed this so called United Nation into an atrocious collision between the Northern abolitionists and the Southern proslavery farmers and plantation owners. The nation suffered enormous losses economically and went into a downward spiral. The reconstruction period began with many leadersRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era And The Jim Crow Era1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe Reconstruction Era and The Jim Crow Era were both times of Rapid growth in the United States that were characterized by changes not only on the intrapersonal level, but also on the cultural and legislative level. The Reconstruction Era occurred directly after the civil war and spanned twelve years from 1865 to 1877 , while the Jim Crow Era occurred from 1877 to 1954. Some of the common themes of these eras were race relations and tension between northern states and s outhern states. The firstRead MoreImpact Of The Civil War On African Americans860 Words   |  4 PagesIt was between the Union and the Confederacy over their differences and problems they created. The consequences the nation faced due to the demolition of the Civil War, was terrifying. Then the Reconstruction era was born to restore, reinstate, and unite the United States as one. During the Reconstruction of 1865 through 1867, African American lives were impacted economically because they were given few rights and their resources were limited, socially because they wanted to be given an ordinaryRead MoreThe Black Codes Of Mississippi920 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1865, the United States government implemented what was known as Reconstruction. Its’ purpose was to remove slavery from the south, and give African-American’s the freedom in which they deserved. However, the freedom that they deserved was not the freedom that they received. With documents like The Black Codes restricting them from numerous privileges that white people had and the terroristic organization known as the Klu Klux Klan attacking and killing them, African-American’s were still beingRead MoreThe Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman1277 Words   |  6 Pagesis a classic fictional book. The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman is the story if a women’s life told when she was over one hundred years old. The novel goes over 3 main periods of time: war years, reconstruction, and slavery. In The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman it is the time of reconstruction and the novel really connects with the history of the time. The novel starts the story at when Jane was a young slave. The Emancipation Proclamation was a decree announced my President Abraham LincolnRead MoreThe Reconstruction Era990 Words   |  4 PagesThe Reconstruction Era was from around 1865-1877, during that time many laws were passed to break down the color barrier. The 13th Amendment which officially abolished slavery and involuntary servitude was passed on April 8th, 1864. Then came the 14th Amendment passed on July 9th, 1868 which granted citizenship to everyone born in the U.S. Finally came the 15th Amendment passed in 1870 which gave freedmen the right to vote and could not be denied on account of race or previous condition of servitudeRead MoreThe Other Side of the Enmancipation Proclamation Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesconfederacy, which brought about the civil war. Despite inclusive wording, the Emancipation Proclamation was limited in many ways. It applied only to states that had seceded from the Union. After years of fighting the North won and reconstruction began. Reconstruction was a difficult task and wasnt taken lightly, for after the defeat the south had much resentment and hostility toward the north and even more so towards African Americans that had been given freedom, voting rights, and protection dueRead MoreHealth Effects Of The September 111159 Words   |  5 Pagesoccupancy fell below 40% and 3,000 employees were laid off in the week following the attacks. (Wiki- Economics, History.com) Health effects of the September 11, 2001 attacks were almost non-existent at first, but years and years of study showed that people who worked around the debris from long periods of time are much more likely to develop PTSD. Some heart conditions and respiratory disease have been linked to the September 11, 2001 attacks, but nothing has been proven. Some mental illness exists as a resultRead MoreWhy Was Responsible For The End Of Reconstruction?1282 Words   |  6 Pagesthe death of an era not a person. The question is, who was responsible for the ending of Reconstruction (To rebuild/fixing after war): Northern Neglect or Southern Resistance? Though there is no question. The North’s neglecting to the south was a primary reason for the ending of reconstruction because during that era a large percentile of the North made up the Ku Klux Klan (KKK), which that specific group was largely opposed to the reconstruction of the South as well as they were supremacist; which

Concept of Globalisation Free Essays

Concept of Globalization Globalization means different things to different people. The three important perspectives of globalization are as follows: †¢ To a business executive, globalization refers to a strategy of crossing national boundaries through globalized production and marketing networks. †¢ To an economist, globalization refers to an economic interdependence between countries covering increased trade, technology, labor, and capital flows. We will write a custom essay sample on Concept of Globalisation or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢ To a political scientist, globalization refers to an integration of a global community in terms of ideas, norms, and values. Because of these differences in perspectives, globalization has been defined in many different ways. The following are the widely used definitions of globalization: †¢ â€Å"Globalization is a free movement of goods, services, people, capital, and information across national boundaries. † †¢ â€Å"Globalization is a process by which an activity or undertaking becomes worldwide in scope. † †¢ â€Å"Globalization is a process of integration of the world as one market. † Form these definitions; it is clear that globalization leads to an integrated global economy. The process of globalization ultimately converts the huge globe into a small global village. Forms of Globalization Globalization is a multi-dimensional process. It has four important dimensions: economic, cultural, political, and environmental. The process of globalization is now influencing these aspects of an economy. A brief description of these forms of globalization is as follows: ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION: Economic influence is the most obvious part of globalization. Economic globalization is contributed by liberalization, deregulation, privatization, and declining costs of the markets in goods, services, capital, trade, and finance. Economic globalization has speeded up in the recent past. A free-trade doctrine removes the barriers to the flow of goods between countries. The formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) has given impetus to this process. Multinational companies are another force to boost up economic globalization. CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION: Different countries have different sets of national beliefs, values and norms. The expanding process of globalization has brought these cultural diversities together to form a global culture. Advances in communications, television networks, transportation technology have been reducing the barriers of distance and culture. Over the last several years, global communications have been revolutionized by developments in satellites, digital switching, and optical fiber telephone lines. As a result of such developments, reliable system of commercial jet travel has reduced the time it takes to get from one location to another. This has tremendous impact on the flow of tourists across the globe. Television programmers have made people aware of other cultures and languages. These have reduced the cultural distance between countries. The process of globalization has increased mutual understanding, peaceful coexistence, and learning from each other’s experiences. POLITICAL GLOBALIZATION: Nations today are more inter-dependent. They are joining hands to participate in creating macro-political framework for development. There are exchanges of views and experiences between nations regarding the establishment of good governance system, legal system, human rights, free media, property rights, decentralized pattern of governance, relatively free access to state information, and so on. The regional grouping of nations has promoted the integration further and created pressure for democracy and human rights. Because of these global influences, the political system worldwide made a shift away from command and mixed economies to the free-market model. ENVIRONMETAL GLOBALIZATION: The globe today is facing unprecedented problems of global warming, depletion of the ozone layer, acute loss of bio-diversity, and trans-border pollution. In fact, ecological problems like floods, soil erosion, water pollution, air pollution, acid rain, and global warming cross national borders without hindrance. To prevent any further degradation of global ecology, the world community is actively engaged in preventing the growing problem of environment. Today, world attention has been drawn toward conservation of environment, harnessing water resources, and judicious use of non-renewable resource. The world community is, therefore, trying to encourage countries to understand these global environment issues and adopt legal and other measures to protect the environment. Nature of Globalization Globalization promotes international business. The international business is composed of four main categories: (i) world trade, (ii) portfolio investment (iii) direct investment, and (iv) multinational enterprises. A brief description of international business is given below: WORLD TRADE: The oldest form of international business is trading of merchandise. Consumers in one country buy goods, which are produced in another country. This is a common phenomenon. Most of the world trade today is among the industrialized countries. World trade is mostly made up of manufactured goods. The service trade has also been rapidly increasing during recent years. Export business is beneficial for a country not only in terms of trade, but also because it creates export-related jobs. With the growing integration of the world economy, world trade would also increase. In fact, expansion of world trade itself has been made easier by two things. Firstly, technological changes in transport, global network of banking and insurance, and information flows have made it possible to undertake world trade more quickly. Secondly, a number of international and regional agreements or arrangements have been established to promote and coordinate world trade. PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT: International portfolio investment is also known as indirect foreign investment. Portfolio investment is the second main type of globalization. It is the purchase of foreign securities in the form of stocks, bonds, or commercial papers to obtain a return on that investment in the form of dividends, interests, or capital gains. Acquiring foreign stocks and bonds does not confer managerial control of a foreign enterprise on the buyer. Rather, the international portfolio investor is a creditor whose main concern is a decent return on his or her investment. Therefore, the capital flow is greatly affected by relative interest rates and strong currency values, which result in high return for the investors. FOREIGN DERECT INVESTMENT: Foreign direct investment (FDI) is the long-term capital investment. It involves acquisitions by domestic firms of foreign-based factories or any other types of business firms. The investor, thus, enjoys managerial control over the assets of the acquired firm. Direct investment may be financed in a number of ways other than through capital movements. Foreign investments may be financed by borrowing locally, by reinvesting foreign earnings, by the sale to foreign affiliate of non-financial assets such as technology, or through funds generated by licensing fees and payments for management services to the parent company. MULTINATIONAL COMPANIES: FDI is an important vehicle for the birth and growth of multinational companies. A multinational company encompasses both domestic and overseas operations. It is called multinational because it operates across national boundaries. However, its focus is on foreign markets. A multinational company, thus, has all the components of the definition of globalization and international business discussed above. Being multinational in scope and activity, such firms also encounter wide-ranging socio-cultural, political, and legal problems while operating in many different countries. Methods of Globalization There are a number of methods for globalization of business. In each method, there is a choice of strategies to follow. These strategies are sometimes referred to as â€Å"foreign market entry strategies†. If the international business strategy is to be successful, a business firm must carefully analyze the advantages and disadvantages of different entry methods before deciding on its approaches. A brief account of some of the methods of globalization is as follows: EXPORTING: The most widely used and common method of doing business internationally is exporting. A direct export operation is a direct sale by a manufacturer to an overseas customer. Indirect exporting involves selling through an intermediary. Exporting is preferable when the cost of production in the home country is substantially lower than producing goods in foreign markets. Therefore, business firms having cost advantage would like to export their products to foreign markets instead of investing in production facilities there. Exporting is, thus, the first stage in the evolution of international business. Exporting is the best alternative under a given set of conditions. It is the least complex global operations. However, there are some factors, which make exporting less attractive than other alternatives. For example, policies of some governments discriminate against import. In some cases, imports are even banned. There may also be hostility against imports. In these situations, exporting strategy may not be effective. LICENSIG AND FRANCHINSG: Licensing and franchising are important entry and expansion methods. Through these methods, the companies can expand their business. Earnings come to the company through fees and royalties. Today, many western companies have been extensively using licensing and franchising practices. One of the growing trends in international business today has been trademark licensing. This has become a substantial source of worldwide revenue. Licensing offers rapid entry into a foreign market. Under international licensing, a business firm can contractually assign the rights to certain technical know-how, design, intellectual property to a foreign company in return for royalty. In many countries, law regulates such fees or royalties. At times, a licensing agreement may be of cross-licensing type wherein there is mutual exchange of knowledge and patents. In a cross-licensing arrangement, a cash payment may or may not be involved. The advantage of licensing is that the licenser does not have to bear the development costs associated with opening up in a foreign country. The licensee bears the costs. Franchising is a form of licensing in which a parent company (the franchiser) grants another independent entity (the franchise) the right to do business in a prescribed manner. The franchisee buys an established marketing package without the risks of product acceptance, market testing, etc. The franchiser gets foreign market entry at minimum cost, plus a local ntrepreneur. The privilege may be the right to sell the parent company’s product, to use its name, to adopt its methods, or to copy its symbols, trademarks and architecture. One of the common forms of franchising involves the franchiser supplying some ingredients for finished products, like coca-cola supplying the syrup to the bottlers. Hilton Hotels might sell a franchise to a local company in Nepal to operate hotels under the Hilton name. FULLY OWNED MANUFACTURING FACILITIES: Bigger corporations establish their own factories abroad. This strategy has some advantages. The corporation owning the factory has full control over production and quality. There is also no risk of developing potential competitors as in the case of licensing and contract manufacturing. However, there may be some problems while operating in a foreign country. The government may impose restrictions on the use of desired technology. Similarly, constraints such as lack of skilled manpower, infrastructural facilities, production bottlenecks, raw material supply etc. may also be encountered. Above all, the corporation may have to invest a lot in terms of financial and managerial resources to operate the plant in its fullest capacity. JOINT VENTURES A joint venture is a partnership in which the domestic firm and the foreign firm negotiates tie up involving one or more of the the following:equity,transfer of technology,investment,production and marketing. The arrangement defines responsibility for performance,accountability and powersharing. MERGER AND ACQUISITION The most extensive form of participation in global market is 100% ownership,which may be achieved by start up,merger or acquisition STRATEGIC ALLIANCE Various terms are used to describe the linkage between firms to jointly pursue a common goal,such as collaborative agreements,strategic alliance and global strategic partnership. EFFECT OF GLOBALISATION Increasing globalization has many effect and consequences on an indivisual business firm as well as the national economy. These effect are both positive as well as negative. We can identity some 5 major effects of Globalisation Liberalized International Trade Import Penetration Foreign Direct Investment Multinational Companies Competitive Environment How to cite Concept of Globalisation, Papers

Cooperative Learning Strategy to Improve †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Cooperative Learning Strategy to Improve. Answer: Introduction The article by Capern and Hammond (2014) presents a discussion about creating relationships that are positive for teachers and students that are secondary gifted and those with emotional or behavioral disorders. The article outlines ways of giving these two groups of students what they need. Capern and Hammond (2014), assert that associations between students and their teachers are often very vital in establishing conducive learning environments. However, positive relationships between teachers and learners are more vital in gifted students in secondary schools and among those with emotional or behavioral disorders. The findings show that secondary gifted students valued teacher behaviors that promote friendly and cordial interactions between students and teachers that supported their learning and academic management. On the other hand, secondary students with emotional or behavioral disorders cherished their teacher who showed them considerable understanding, warmth, and patience. According to Hussain (2017) these qualities are the precursors of teachers support in their learning process. Similarly, comparisons are made in this article between the behaviors identified by students with EBD and gifted students. It is indicated that there are teacher behaviors that are essential for both groups. Nevertheless, each group of students specified a set of teacher behaviors that addressed their unique needs. By having positive relationships between students and teachers, the former are more likely to be motivated and encouraged in the process of learning (Luz, 2015). Additionally, as mentioned in the article, students understand that a positive relationship with their teachers has a positive impact on their motivation and interest which enhances the learning process. The findings in this article are important because they may be applied to enhance relationships between different groups of students and increase the effectiveness of the learning process. The findings could be useful in bridging the gap that exists between practice and educational theory. The established frameworks in this study for creating positive relationships with these two types of students could be used to enhance academic and social outcomes for students. They also help develop learning environments that are positive, and thus are crucial, and ought to be implemented in my key learning area which is mathematics (Gehlbach et al., 2015). It is important to give enough time to students to prepare for tests or complete assignments. This also implies letting students work at their own pace to complete tasks. In addition, it is considerably important for the teachers to be easily approachable and always accessible for them to provide necessary assistance for the students to catch up on assignments and prepare for exams. It is also advisable to interests of students in the subject area and encourages the students based on their interest. Typically, learners who are identified as at high risk of dropping out of school are disproportionately in low ability mathematics classes (Muller, 2014). These students usually have educational expectations that are lower, attain low grades, and view their teachers to be less caring. Their teachers also perceive them as not making enough effort at school, and they do not perform well on mathematics tests management. This is the reason why it is important to implement the issue in my key learning area (Muller, 2014). Critical Evaluation of the Article Many research findings have indicated that positive interactions between students and their teachers are pivotal in establishing healthy learning environments. Some of these studies have also examined how student-teacher relationships are formed. However, this article suggests that there is inadequate comparative research on how to develop positive relationships differently with a different group of students. The positive relationship between students and their teachers is important for all students. However, it is more critical for students with Emotional or Behavioral Disorders (EBD) and gifted students (GS). In order for teachers and all education stakeholders to fully understand what can be done for teachers to form positive relations with these two groups of students, this study sought to understand the academic needs of different students. The study examined the views of 58 gifted students and 40 students with EBD from 6 secondary schools in Western Australia. It also identifie s the specific behavior of teachers that lead to the formation of quality relationships with each set of students (Capern Hammond, 2014). Capern and Hammond (2014), are of the opinion that constant interaction between teachers and students have an impact on the students emotional, social, and academic wellbeing. Quality teacher-student relationships have been found to raise the achievement of students and their attitudes towards learning and school. Other researchers have also found that strong positive teacher-student relationships between gifted students may help to create a link between the potential of the students and their accomplishment. It is worth mentioning that constructive teacher-student relationships may equally assist in redressing the academic difficulties that EBD students usually go through. In comparison to their peers, EBD students in many instances have lower grades, are likely to be diagnosed with learning disability, and fail at school more often. These students also have dropout rate which is higher than their peers. As mentioned in the previous paragraphs, positive teacher-student relationships are important to all students. However, this research has a particular interest in the gifted students and students with EBD as they have a high academic risk (Knoell, 2013). The study equally attempted to look into the Woolfolk and Weinsteins appeal by asking students to name behaviors o teachers that contribute strongly to the formation of positive quality relationships. This study fills a gap in corpus of literature by identifying the behavior of teachers that contributes to positive teacher-student relationships with GS and students with EBD and by comparing and contrasting the behaviors that were most effective with each set of students. Findings of the Research The research study involved Western Australian secondary school students who were recognized as having EBD or gifted. The findings of the research indicated that students who are gifted and those with EBD had varied perspectives as to which teacher behaviors were most crucial for creating constructive relationships with their instructors. GS placed more emphasis on teacher behaviors that would enable them to perform better academically (Capern Hammond, 2014). On the other hand, students with EBD held the view that it is crucial for their teachers to behave in ways that showed understanding, care, patience, as well as support for their academic activities. Even though the perspectives of these sets of students were different, there was agreement concerning teacher behaviors that formed the basis of positive student-teacher relationships. Both sets of students were in agreement on primary teacher behaviors that were efficient for developing positive relationships. However, they differed on secondary essential behaviors. The secondary essential teacher behaviors indicated that GS had a preference for teacher behaviors that lead to academic excellence and cordial interaction with their teachers. On the contrary, students with EBD preferred their teachers to behave in ways that displayed patience, understanding, and many learning opportunities (Capern Hammond, 2014). Students with EBD were of the view that it is important for their teachers to behave in an emotionally supportive manner than the gifted students. This shows that the students had the desire to have cordial relationship with their teachers and had the feeling that their teachers were mindful of their circumstances and emotional states. Gifted students emphasized on behaviors that are supportive academically. They considered academic support as the basis for helpful relationships because they felt that this would allow their teachers to fulfill their basic role of facilitators of education. It is important to note that both sets of students underscored the significance of teachers to treat them with respect, being friendly and warm, and helping them with their school work. Method of the Research The behaviors of teachers that lead to good relationships between teachers and secondary students with EBD and gifted students were investigated by applying mixed-methods approach. The research study was carried out in Western Australian secondary schools that provide academic programs to gifted students as well as those with EBD. The mixed-method approach involves incorporating both qualitative and quantitative research to analyze, gather, and interpret data (Verloop, 2017). Quantitative data in this study was collected using surveys, while qualitative data were collected using focus groups. Data collection process was carried over 18 months. Students were asked whether they would be able to take part in the study in discussion to give their views on relationships with their teachers. Six students who were willing to participate were selected randomly to take part in a focus group. The process of collecting data for the students with EBD was organized in a similar manner with a sample of 40 students taking part. 12 students who were willing to participate were selected randomly to participate in a focus group. The student-teacher relationship survey was used as the primary instrument for collecting quantitative data. Test of reliability of the student version was conducted by using the Cronbachs alpha. Cronbachs alpha for both students with EBD and gifted students was 0.96 showing high reliability (Capern Hammond, 2014). Teacher behavior was represented by 70 items on the survey in which each of the item therein was used to represent the teachers behavior. Likert scale format was used to score the items (6 = very strongly agree to 1 = very strongly disagree). This showed how critical each behavior was for forming a positive teacher-student relationship. The study also made use of open-ended questions to determine behaviors of teachers that may not have been in the 70 item list. On the other hand, the purpose of focus groups was to ascertain the findings of the conducted surveys (Capern Hammond, 2014). There were two programs with each focus group consisting of 6 students from every program except one of the gifted programs. Survey data was analyzed before carrying out the focus groups to allow the participants to have an opportunity to offer reflections on the outcomes from the study. The resulting data was triangulated to ensure dependability. The participating students were also asked to provide t heir reflections and make comparisons on how certain teachers are good at developing relationships. The discussions in the focus groups were recorded and properly transcribed to ensure accuracy of data gathered. A coding system was used to come up with codes (Liberante, 2015). Lesson Plan Sequence and scope summary (particular subject requirements to appear on sequence and scope) Strand: Measurement and Geometry Sub strands: Time: Recognizing Duration: 5 weeks Unit overview Here, students learn to match familiar activities with time frames, organize their own time, and manage activities that are scheduled. In this unit, it is crucial to take into consideration the individual approaches of communication used by students. Responses by the students may be communicated through facial expressions or gestures. The activities presented may demand adaptation to allow students to respond using their individual communication strategies Outcomes Students recognize time in contexts that are familiar contexts, recognize and relate time in varied contexts. Assessment Observing students sequencing events/activities matching activities. Students making use of a time table using a timetable to plan activities. Conclusion This paper provided a critical evaluation of the article by Capern and Hammond (2014). It consisted of the introduction and the key talking points of the article. The participants of the research study comprised of Western Australian secondary school students who were recognized as having EBD or gifted. The findings of the research indicated that students who are gifted and those with EBD had varied perspectives in regards to which teacher behaviors were most crucial for establishing a constructive relationship. The article outlines ways of giving gifted students and the students with EBD what they need. Capern and Hammond (2014), assert that interactions between students and teachers are fundamental in developing a healthy and fruitful learning environment that will have positive outcomes for students in general. References Capern, T., Hammond, L. (2014). Establishing Positive Relationships with Secondary Gifted Students and Students with Emotional/ Behavioural Disorders: Giving These Diverse Learners What They Need. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 2-18. Gehlbach, H., Brinkworth, M. E., Harris, A. D. (2015). Changes in teacher-student relationships . Educational Psychology, 6-18. Hussain, N. (2017). Positive Teacher-Student Relationship and Teachers Experience-A Teachers Perspective . Global Journal of Management and Business Research Interdisciplinary , 3-21. Knoell, C. M. (2013). The Role of the Student-Teacher Relationship in the Lives of Fifth Graders: A Mixed Methods Analysis. Education and Human Sciences, 21-45. Liberante, L. (2015). The importance of teacherstudent relationships, as explored through the lens of the NSW Quality Teaching Model. Journal of Student engagement: Education Matters, 6-19. Luz, F. S. (2015). The Relationship between Teachers and Students in the classroom: Communicative Language teaching Approach and Cooperative Learning Strategy to Improve Learning. Journal of Education, 5-7. Muller, C. (2014). The Role of Caring in the Teacher-Student Relationship for At-Risk Students . Journal of Education, 5-16. Verloop, N. (2017). Positive teacherstudent relationships go beyond the classroom, problematic ones stay inside. Journal of Educational Research, 32-98.

Design of Database Assignment

Questions: 1. Describe how the design of a database can affect data quality, integrity, and security. 2. Discuss the role of a data dictionary in ensuring both the quality of enterprise-wide data and data within a specific database application. 3. Explain the concept of data warehousing and its application to decision support. Answers: 1) The design of database can affect the data quality, integrity, and security in following ways-: 1) Data Quality As we all know that in any organization there are various objects that seems to be important from the designing point of view. However, the database designer studies the system properly and after that generates the overall design of the system. And the type of data he use to design the database affect the quality of database. And if the quality of data is used in the database design it helps in providing reliability to the data that helps the organization in decision making. 2) Integrity As in the good database design the designer use the concept of referential integrity which means referencing the data in terms of primary key and foreign key. And if this concept is used in designing it ultimately affect the data integrity of the system. suppose if there is some changes required in the same data used at various places in the database. Then with the help of integrity concepts the value of data get changed at every place. 3) Security If the database designer use the concept of permission in the database in order to provide permission for accessing the confidential data of the organization. So in this way design of the database affect the security of the system by providing permissions to particular user who have authority to access the data. 2) Role of a data dictionary in ensuring both the quality of enterprise-wide data and data within a specific database application are as follows. 1) Data dictionary is a term which is used for explaining the data about data, or in simple words we can say that metadata. Data dictionary explain the organizational data or each entity in the database which shows the quality of data the organization have. 2) As Data dictionary explains the each term in the database very clearly so it also helps any new database administrator to understand the database system fastly and also represent the organization the quality of data it have within the particular database application. 3) As the data dictionary expand the entity with its part. Then after viewing those part one can easily estimate the quality of data the database system of the organization have. And how effectively the database system helps in decision making. 3. Data warehousing Concept Data warehousing is a technique used to store the current and historical data of the organization in particular system of the organization. Data warehousing helps the organization in order to make comparison between the data of two different session. Data warehousing keeps all the details of the database. And after accessing the ware house it helps in presenting the details infront of organization in the forms of reports. And it also helps in making decision. The two main application of data warehousing towards decision support system are as-: 1) Data mining 2) Web mining References McHugh, J., Abiteboul, S., Goldman, R., Quass, D., Widom, J. (1997). Lore: A database management system for semistructured data. SIgMOD Record, 26(3), 54-66. Selinger, P. G., Astrahan, M. M., Chamberlin, D. D., Lorie, R. A., Price, T. G. (1979, May). Access path selection in a relational database management system. In Proceedings of the 1979 ACM SIGMOD international conference on Management of data (pp. 23-34). ACM. Stonebraker, M., Kemnitz, G. (1991). The POSTGRES next generation database management system. Communications of the ACM, 34(10), 78-92. Wakayama, S., Shimoi, T., Kobayashi, S., Munechika, H. (1999). U.S. Patent No. 5,920,869. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.